JPMorgan Chase & Co. agreed to acquire First Republic Bank in a government-led deal for the failed lender, putting to rest one of the biggest troubled banks remaining after turmoil engulfed the industry in March.

The transaction, announced in the early morning hours Monday after First Republic was seized by regulators, makes the biggest US bank even larger while minimizing the damage to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.’s guarantee fund. JPMorgan agreed to the takeover after private rescue efforts failed to fill a hole on the troubled lender’s balance sheet and customers yanked their deposits. The collapse of First Republic was the second-biggest bank failure in US history.

“Our government invited us and others to step up, and we did,” JPMorgan Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon said in a statement. “Our financial strength, capabilities and business model allowed us to develop a bid to execute the transaction in a way to minimize costs to the Deposit Insurance Fund.”

JPMorgan acquired about $173 billion of First Republic’s loans, $30 billion of securities and $92 billion in deposits. JPMorgan and the FDIC agreed to share the burden of losses, as well as any recoveries, on the firm’s single-family and commercial loans, the agency said early Monday in a statement.

JPMorgan’s stock rose 3.9% in early New York trading. Trading of First Republic was halted.

The transaction makes JPMorgan even more massive — an outcome government officials have taken pains to avoid in the past. Because of US regulatory restrictions, JPMorgan’s size and its existing share of the US deposit base would prevent it under normal circumstances from expanding its deposit base further via an acquisition. And prominent Democratic lawmakers and the Biden administration have chafed at consolidation in the financial industry and other sectors.

JPMorgan expects to recognize a one-time gain of $2.6 billion tied to the transaction, according to a statement. The bank will make a $10.6 billion payment to the FDIC and estimated it will incur $2 billion in related restructuring costs over the next 18 months.

The $92 billion in deposits includes the $30 billion that JPMorgan and other large US banks put into the beleaguered lender in March to try to stabilize its finances. JPMorgan vowed that the $30 billion would be repaid.

For the $173 billion in loans and $30 billion in securities included in the deal, JPMorgan and the FDIC entered into the loss-sharing agreement to cover single-family residential mortgage loans and commercial loans, as well as $50 billion worth of five-year, fixed-rate term financing.

The FDIC and JPMorgan will share in both the losses and the potential recoveries on the loans, with the agency noting it should “maximize recoveries on the assets by keeping them in the private sector.” The FDIC estimated that the cost to the deposit insurance fund will be about $13 billion.

“We should acknowledge that bank failures are inevitable in a dynamic and innovative financial system,” Jonathan McKernan, a member of the FDIC board, said in a statement. “We should plan for those bank failures by focusing on strong capital requirements and an effective resolution framework as our best hope for eventually ending our country’s bailout culture that privatizes gains while socializing losses.”

JPMorgan said that, even after the deal, its so-called common equity tier 1 capital ratio will be consistent with its first-quarter target of 13.5%. The transaction is expected to generate more than $500 million of incremental net income a year, the company estimated.

Marianne Lake and Jennifer Piepszak, co-CEOs of JPMorgan’s consumer and community banking unit, will oversee the acquired First Republic business.

“First Republic has built a strong reputation for serving clients with integrity and exceptional service,” Lake and Piepszak said in the statement. “We look forward to welcoming First Republic employees.”

JPMorgan was a key player throughout First Republic’s struggles. The bank advised its smaller rival in its attempt to find strategic alternatives, and Dimon was key in marshaling bank executives to inject the $30 billion in deposits.

First Republic specializes in private banking that caters to wealthier people, much like Silicon Valley Bank, which failed in March, focused on venture capital firms. Chairman Jim Herbert started the lender in 1985 with fewer than 10 people, according to a First Republic history. By July 2020, the bank said it ranked as the 14th-largest in the US, with 80 offices in seven states. It employed more than 7,200 people at the end of last year.

Read more: First Republic Is Said to Face Potential Fed Borrowing Curb

Like other regional lenders, San Francisco-based First Republic found itself squeezed as the Federal Reserve jacked up interest rates to fight inflation, which hurt the value of bonds and loans the bank bought when rates were low. Meanwhile depositors fled, partly in search of better returns and then in fear as worries spread about First Republic’s health.

The result was a capital hole big enough to deter a full-scale rescuer from stepping forward. A fresh round of concern was set off in April by the bank’s first-quarter report and news of its attempt to sell assets and engineer a rescue. The bank said it would cut as much as 25% of its staff, lower outstanding loans and curb non-essential activities.

Eleven US banks had tried to keep First Republic afloat by pledging $30 billion of fresh deposits on March 16, with JPMorgan, Bank of America Corp., Citigroup Inc. and Wells Fargo & Co. pitching in $5 billion each. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Morgan Stanley and other banks offered smaller amounts as part of a plan devised along with US regulators. On top of that, First Republic tapped the Federal Home Loan Bank and a Federal Reserve liquidity line.

It wasn’t enough. The stock, which topped $170 in March 2022, sank below $5 by late April. First Republic’s demise would imperil not only common share owners, but also about $3.6 billion of preferred shares and $800 million of unsecured notes.

The bank has been bought and sold several times over the years, with Merrill Lynch & Co. paying $1.8 billion to acquire First Republic in 2007. Ownership passed to Bank of America when it bought Merrill Lynch in 2009, and changed hands again in mid-2010, when investment firms including General Atlantic and Colony Capital purchased First Republic for $1.86 billion and then took it public.

–By Jenny Surane, Hannah Levitt and Katanga Johnson (Bloomberg)